INTRODUCTION:

Gum disease, another name for periodontal disease, is a group of inflammatory disorders that impact the tissues around teeth. When gingivitis is in its early stages, the gums swell, get red, and sometimes bleed. It is regarded as the primary cause of adult tooth loss globally. In this case, the teeth may become loose or fall out, the gums may separate from the tooth, and bone may be lost. Bad breath can also happen¹. The gingival margins are somewhat bleeding and red. The microbiota changes from a Gram-positive anaerobic flora to a more Gram-negative one, which is linked to gingivitis.

Recent developments in dentistry have encouraged the use of natural and herbal remedies to treat a range of oral conditions².

Superinfection, poor or non-compliance, low gingival crevicular fluid levels of antibiotics, systemic side effects, short duration, and high relative cost are some of the main drawbacks of the traditional technique of treating periodontal disease, which includes oral, topical, and systemic dosage forms.

Periodontal Disease:

Around the world, periodontal disease is regarded as a serious public health issue. Maintaining healthy teeth and gums requires practicing good oral hygiene every day. All age groups, races, ethnicities, and genders are susceptible to periodontal disease³. If left untreated, periodontal disorders such as gingivitis and periodontitis can cause severe infections that result in tooth loss. The literal meaning of periodontal disease is "around the tooth." This local infection, which mostly has bacterial origins in the gingival fissures, damages the bone, connective tissue, and periodontal ligament, among other structural organs that surround the teeth. Gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that multiply in the subgingival area are accelerated in their proliferation⁴.

Fig.1- Periodontal Disease

Tannerella forsythensis (Tf), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), and Actinobacillus actinomycetemc omitans (Aa) are the most significant and common anaerobic gram-negative bacteria in the subgingival region⁵.

There are two main types of therapeutic techniques for periodontitis:

1. Anti-infective therapy, which eliminates etiologic causes to halt the advancement of periodontal attachment loss

2. Regenerative therapy, which aims to repair the structures that this disease has harmed and includes anti-infective treatment. Both treatment modalities require the incorporation of periodontal maintenance procedures. The main cause of periodontal diseases is bacterial plaque, a sticky, colourless film that constantly forms on your teeth⁶.

In less than two days, the plaque can solidify into calculus or tartar if it is not removed. Only an oral health specialist, such as a dentist or dental hygienist, can remove tartar due to its extreme hardness. When plaque bacteria invade gums, they release toxins that irritate and cause redness. The tissues supporting the teeth, including the bone, are destroyed by the inflammation and the poisons themselves. This causes the gums to microscopically split from the teeth, creating pockets that will eventually fill with additional plaque and worsen the illness⁷.

Etiology of Periodontitis:

Plaque, an invisible, sticky substance primarily made up of bacteria, remains on teeth for longer than two or three days and can solidify into tartar (calculus) beneath the gum line. Tartar serves as a bacterial reservoir and makes plaque removal more challenging. The longer plaque and tartar stay on teeth, the more they irritate and inflame the gingiva, causing pockets to form between the teeth and gums. More bacteria accumulates in the deepening pockets, causing illness and ultimately bone and tissue loss.

There are two main types of therapeutic techniques for periodontitis:

1. Regenerative therapy, which involves anti-infective treatment and aims to repair the structures damaged by the disease

2. Anti-infective treatment, which aims to halt the course of periodontal attachment loss by eliminating causative causes⁽⁸⁾

Types of Periodontitis:

1. Mild gingivitis periodonitis

2. Moderate periodontal disease

3. Severe periodontal disease

4. Resistant Periodontitis ⁹

Common Pathogens of Periodonititis:

1. T. forsynthia

2. P.intermedia

3. F.nucleatum

4. A.actinomycetocomitans¹⁰

Signs And Symptoms:

1. Tender and bleeding gums

2. Bad breath or bad taste

3. Swollen and red gums

4. Painful chewing

5. Loosing teeth

6. Sensistive teeth

7. Pus around gums and teeth

8. Metallic taste

9. Change in the partial denture¹¹

Risk Factors:

1. Smoking

2. Poor oral hygiene

3. Stress

4. Diabetes

5. Crooked teeth

6. Underlying immune-deficiency diseases

7. Defective fillings

8. Medicines that causes mouth dryness¹²

CLOVE:

Figure-1: Clove

Synonym: Laung, Clove bud, Caryophyllum

Biological source: It consist of dried flower bud of Eugenia caryophyllum (Sprengel)

Family: Myrtaceae

Geographical Source: It is indigenous to Mollucca Island and has historically been grown in Madagascar, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Tanzania (Zanziber), and India (mostly in the Nilgiri Hills, Kanyakumari, Kottayam, and Quilon Hills of Kerala)¹³.

Soil: Sandy, loamy and laterite soil

Climate: Humid and warm

Rainfall: 900m from the sea level

Cultivation: August month to October month

Collection: When buds changes the colour from green to light brown¹⁴

Chemical Constituents: 10–13% tannin (gallotannic acid), chromone, and eugenin, and 15-20% volatile oil.About 70–90% of the volatile oil is made up of eugenol, eugenol acetate, and methylamylketone.modest amounts of alcohol and ester, as well as caryophyllenes.Flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinamic acid, hydroxyphenyl propens, eugenol, phenolic acids, gallic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, caffeineic acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, and salicylic acids are a few of the crucial ingredients.

Macroscopic characters: Color: Crimson red to brown

Taste: Pungent and aromatic

Odour: Aromatic and characteristics

Size: Length is 10-18mm, Width is 3-4mm and Thickness is 2mm

Shape: Nail shaped¹⁵

Uses:

1. It has a carminative effect.

2. It is employed as an analgesic for teeth.

3. It functions as a stimulant.

Aloe Vera:

Figure-2: Aloevera

Synonym: Aloe officinalis, Aloe barbadensis

Biological source: The dried juice extracted by cutting the bases of the leaves of several species of aloe, such as Aloe vera Linn. or Aloe barbadensis Mil., is known as aloe.

Family: Liliaceae

Geographical Source: Although they are native to South Africa and East Africa, aloe has been brought to tropical nations and will even thrive in those that border the Mediterranean¹⁰.

Soil: Sandy, loamy soil

Climate: Humid, hot and dry

Rainfall: 1000-1300mm

Cultivation: June- July month and September - October month

Chemical constituents: Important components are aloins, barbaloin, and isobarbaloin. Amor-phous aloin, aloe emodin, resin, and aloe.

Macroscopic characters: Color: Green to grey green

Taste: Neutral to extremely bitter

Size: Length is 60-100mm

Shape: Candy labra shaped

Uses:

1. It used to reduce dental plaque.

2. It is employed as an excellent wound healing agent.

3. It is used to control bacterial that causes cavities^(16).

MATERIAL AND METHOD:

Chemicals: Carbapol-940, sodium CMC, sodium benzoate, PEG-400, sodium saccharin, and sodium lauryl sulphate were all obtained from the Arni School of Pharmacy laboratory.We buy clove oil from a local store.

Collection:

Clove oil: It is purchased from the local shops in nearby University area (Kathgarh)

Aloe vera: The leaves are collected from the plant present in th herbal garden of our Arni School of Pharmacy.

Extraction: Fresh aloe vera leaves were plucked from the plant, rinsed under running water, and then rinsed with a mild chlorine solution and sterile distilled water. Then, using a sterile knife, the gel was removed from the leaves, the thick epidermis was carefully removed, the gel-like pulp was separated with a spoon, and the mixture was homogenised on a mixer^17.

Formulation: With constant stirring, 40 millilitres of distilled water were mixed with sodium CMC and carbopol-940.Sodium benzoate was dissolved in 10 millilitres of water in a separate beaker, and the mixture was heated to ensure complete dissolution.Following solution cooling, 400 polyethylene glycol was added and combined with the initial solution.Tri-ethanolamine was added dropwise to the formulation to achieve the desired gel consistency and pH adjustment after the necessary amount of Aloe vera gel and clove oil had been combined with the other ingredients in the above solution while being thoroughly stirred.

Composition of Chemicals:

Sr.No:	Ingredients	Quantity taken
Sr.No:	Ingredients	F1	F2	F3
1.	Clove oil	2ml	1ml	1.5ml
2.	Aloe vera	7g	7g	7.5g
3.	Carbapol-940	4g	4g	4g
4.	Honey	0.5g	0.5g	0.5g
5.	SLS	1.5g	1.5g	1.5g
6.	Sodium benzoate	0.5g	0.5g	0.5g
7.	Sodium saccharin	0.7g	0.7g	0.7g
8.	Peppermint oil	0.3ml	0.3ml	0.3ml
9.	PEG-400	2g	2g	2g
10.	Sodium CMC	1.5g	1.5g	1.5g
11.	Tri-ethanolamine	q.s	q.s	q.s
12.	Distilled water	q.s	q.s	q.s

Evaluation Parameters:

1. Physical appearance-

· Colour: The formulation's colour was examined against a white backdrop.

· Consistency: By application to the skin, the consistency was examined.

· Greasiness: The application to the skin was used to measure the greasiness.

· Odour: To determine the gel's odour, it was mixed with water and sniffed.

2. Ph Determination: By fully submerging the glass electrode in the gel system, a digital pH meter was used to measure the gel's pH. The health of the tissues in the oral cavity is greatly impacted by the physicochemical characteristics of dental medications, particularly their pH value.

3. Gel clarity: Visual inspection was used to assess the gel's clarity¹⁸.

4. Smoothness: The gel formulation's smoothness was assessed by rubbing it between the fingers. This allowed for the determination of whether the gel was rough, homogenous, clumped, or smooth.

5. Grittiness: Under a light microscope, the viscosity of each formulation was assessed for the presence of any particles; however, no discernible particulate matter was found.Therefore, it is clear that the gel preparation satisfies the requisite freedom from specific matter and grittiness for any topical preparation.

6. Viscosity determination: A Brooke field viscometer with spindle number seven and a spindle speed of 100 rpm at 25°C was used to measure the viscosities of the produced gela, and the corresponding dial reading on the viscometer was recorded¹⁹.

7. Relative density: The formulation's relative density was calculated using weight in grams taken in 10 ml of the formulation and 10 ml of distilled water using an RD bottle.

8. Spreadability Determination test: Testing was conducted using a glass slide equipment and a customised wooden block. a wooden block that has a pulley up the apparatus and a fixed glass slide. A pan was attached to another glass slide using a thread. A specified amount of gel was put into the fixed glass slide for the spreadability test, and for five minutes, the moveable glass slide with a pan attached was placed on top of the fixed glass slide, switching the gel between the two slides. There were now about 30 grams of weight in the pan. It was noted how long it took for the slides to separate. The following formula was used to determine the spreadability.

S=M*L/T

Where,

M = Weight tied to upper slide

L = Lenth of the glass slide

T = Time taken to separate the slides.

9. Extrudability: Using this technique, the prepared gel was put into a typical capped, collapsable aluminium tube and the end was crimped shut. The tubes' weights were noted. The tubes were clamped after being positioned between two glass slides. After covering the slides with 500 g, the cap was taken off. Weighing was done on the quantity of extruded gel. The extruded gel percentage was computed.

10. Microbial growth: Nutrient agar media was utilised in this process. The prepared gel sample was aseptically transferred onto the sample plate in a cross pattern using the blank and sample petriplates. Up to 15 days, the microbial development was regularly monitored²⁰.

RESULT:

All of the parameters were found to be within acceptable bounds when the dental gel combining clove oil and aloe vera gel was successfully created and assessed. The formulation had a smooth texture, no grittiness, and acceptable homogeneity. Compatibility with oral tissues was shown by the pH's suitability for oral application. The gel's adequate viscosity, extrudability, and spreadability guaranteed simple application and strong retention at the site of action. The homogeneity of the drug content verified that the active components were distributed correctly throughout the formulation. Antimicrobial investigations revealed strong action against periodontal infections, while in-vitro diffusion studies showed a sustained release of the active ingredients. The formulation remained stable throughout the study period, according to stability experiments that showed no appreciable changes in its physicochemical characteristics.

CONCLUSION:

According to the current study, the dental gel formulation that contains aloe vera gel and clove oil is safe, stable, and effective when applied topically to treat periodontal diseases. The synergistic antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and wound-healing properties of clove oil and aloe vera make it a viable herbal substitute for traditional treatments with fewer side effects. As a result, the proposed formulation has good potential for managing periodontal problems; however, additional clinical research is advised to verify its long-term safety and therapeutic efficacy in human subjects.

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Received on 24.02.2026 Revised on 26.03.2026

Accepted on 20.04.2026 Published on 04.07.2026

Available online from July 18, 2026

Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2026; 16(3):302-306.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5713.2026.00042

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.